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1 λυπέω
λυπέω 1 aor. ἐλύπησα; pf. λελύπηκα. Pass.: 1 fut. λυπηθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐλυπήθην; pf. λελύπημαι (fr. λύπη ‘pain, grief ’; Hes.+) gener. ‘grieve, pain’.① to cause severe mental or emotional distress, vex, irritate, offend, insult, act. τινά someone (Test Abr A 8 p. 86, 9 [Stone p. 20]; Dio Chrys. 28 [45], 3; BGU 531 II, 18 [I A.D.], freq. in the sense vex, irritate, offend TestSol 2:3 D; Herodas 5, 7, 3; Ar. 15:7) 2 Cor 2:2a; 7:8ab. The object of λυπεῖν can also be a deity (Diod S 1, 65, 7; 8 τὸν θεόν; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 2, 313 λ. τὸν Δία; cp. τοὺ ἀγγέλους μου ApcSed 14:10) μὴ λυπεῖτε τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον τοῦ θεοῦ Eph 4:30; Hm 10, 2, 2; 10, 3, 2ab; cp. 10, 2, 4. χάριν Dg 11:7. In εἴ τις λελύπηκεν 2 Cor 2:5 λ. used abs. is certainly more than cause pain or vexation. In Polyaenus 8, 47 it is used of the severe humiliation or outrage experienced by a king who has been deposed by his subjects.② to experience sadness or distress, pass.ⓐ aor. λυπηθῆναι become sad, sorrowful, distressed (BGU 1079, 9 [41 A.D.]; Esth 2:21; Ps 54:3; 2 Esdr 15:6; TestJob, Test12Patr, GrBar; Jos., Ant. 8, 356) Mt 14:9; AcPl Ha 7, 17; J 16:20; 2 Cor 2:4; 7:9a; 1 Pt 1:6; Dg 1. W. σφόδρα (Da 6:15 LXX; 1 Macc 10:68; JosAs 8:8 al.) Mt 17:23; 18:31; GJs 1:3; 2:4; AcPl Ha 7, 15; w. λίαν 1 Cl 4:3 (Gen 4:5 Cain took offense). W. ὅτι foll. become distressed because (cp. En 102:5) J 21:17. λυπηθῆναι εἰς μετάνοιαν become sorry enough to repent 2 Cor 7:9b. λ. κατὰ θεόν as God would have it vss. 9c, 11.ⓑ pres. λυπεῖσθαι be sad, be distressed, grieve (La 1:22) 1 Th 4:13. λυπῇ; are you grieved or hurt? Hv 3, 1, 9b. λυπούμενος (being) sad, sorrowful Mt 19:22; 26:22; Mk 10:22; Hv 1, 2, 2; 3, 13, 2 (TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 9 [Stone p. 16]; Jos., Vi. 208). (Opp. χαίρων as Dio Chrys. 50 [67], 5; Philo, Virt. 103) 2 Cor 6:10. λυπουμένου (μου) ὅτι because Hv 3, 1, 9a. ἤμην λυπούμενος 1, 2, 1. ὁ λυπούμενος the mournful man (Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 404 D.) m 10, 3, 3. ὁ λ. ἐξ ἐμοῦ 2 Cor 2:2b gives the source of the pain or sadness. ἤρξατο λυπεῖσθαι he began to be sorrowful Mt 26:37; cp. Mk 14:19. λ. διά τι because of someth. (schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1090; JosAs 24:19 διʼ Ἀσενέθ; ParJer 4:11 διὰ σέ): εἰ διὰ βρῶμα ὁ ἀδελφὸς λυπεῖται if a member’s feelings are hurt because of food Ro 14:15 (but λ. can also mean injure, damage: X., Mem. 1, 6, 6, Cyr. 6, 3, 13). μὴ λυπείσθω ὁ εὐσεβὴς ἐάν the godly man is not to grieve if 2 Cl 19:4. λ. ἐπί τινι at someth. (X., Mem. 3, 9, 8; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 13, 5, Tox. 24; Artem. 2, 60; PGrenf II, 36, 9 [95 B.C.]; Jon 4:9; ApcMos 39 p. 21, 1 Tdf.; Philo, Abr. 22; Just., D. 107, 3) Hm 10, 2, 3; cp. Hs 6, 3, 1. ἐλυπεῖτο περὶ τῆς γυναικὸς οὐ μικρῶς (Hieronymus) was quite upset with his wife, who had displayed interest in Paul’s message AcPl Ha 4, 16f (w. περί as Da 6:18 LXX; ApcMos 18 p. 9, 13 Tdf.).—Impf. ἐλυπούμην I was sad GPt 7:26; cp. 14:59 (TestSol 2:2 D; TestSim 4:3; ParJer 7:30); w. σφόδρα (JosAs 24:1) GJs 1:4 (aor. v.l.).—DELG s.v. λύπη. M-M. TW. Spicq. -
2 ἄλυπος
ἄλῡπ-ος, ον,A without pain, freq. in Trag. (not A.), E.IA 163, etc.: c. gen., ἄ. γήρως without pains of age, S.OC 1519;ἄ. ἄτης El. 1002
; ; ;τὸ ἄ. Pl.R. 585a
: [comp] Comp. - ότερος ib. 581e: [comp] Sup. . Adv. ἀλύπως, ζῆν, διατελεῖν live free from pain and sorrow, Id.Prt. 358b, Phlb. 43d, cf. Men.549;ἀποθανεῖν Id.14
: [comp] Sup.ἀλυπότατα Lys.24.10
.II [voice] Act., causing no pain or grief, Hp.Art.39 ([comp] Sup.), Pl.Plt. 272a, etc.;ἄ. οἶνος
harmless,Hermipp.
82.5, cf. E.Ba. 423; ἄ. ἄνθος ἀνίας setting free from the pain of sorrow of wine, S.Fr. 172; ἀλυπότατος κλιντήρ, of a hospice, Epigr.Gr. 450 ([place name] Batanaea); σωλῆνες -ότατοι μετὰ ἁλῶν cause least pain, i.e. are least indigestible, Xenocr.57, cf. Mnesith. ap. Ath.3.92c;πεσσὸς -ότατος Aët.16.36
. Adv.ἀλύπως, τοῖς ἄλλοις ζῆν live without offence to others, Isoc.12.5. -
3 ὀφθαλμιάω
A suffer from ophthalmia, Hdt.7.229, Hp.Aph.6.17, Ar.Ra. 192, Fr. 129, X.HG2.1.3, Pl.Alc.2.139e, Antiph.252.1, etc.II metaph., of the pain caused by envy at the sight of other men's prosperity, look longingly, jealously, or covetously, of lovers, Hyp.Fr. 258;ἐπί τινι Anon.
ap. Suid., cf. Plu.2.705d (so beautiful women are called ὀφθαλμῶν ἀλγηδόνες, Hdt.5.18); ὀ. περὶ τὸ κάλλος τῆς πόλεως, τῆς χώρας, feel jealous or envious about or at.., Plb.1.7.2, 2.17.3: c. acc., look jealously at,τὸ πλῆθος τῶν προσόδων Id.31.21.1
.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ὀφθαλμιάω
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4 διψαλέος
Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > διψαλέος
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5 ὀδύνη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `pain, torment, harm, sorrow' (Il.).Other forms: mostly pl. - αι.Compounds: As 2. member, e.g. περι-ώδυνος `very sore, painful' (Hp., Att.; - ω- comp. lengthening with περιωδυν-ία f. (Hp., Pl.), - έω, also (after ὀδυνάω) - άω (medic.); rarely as 1. member as in ὀδυνή-φατος ( ὀδυνήφατα φάρμακα Ε 401 = 900, also ὀ-ον ῥίζαν Λ 847; after this Orph. L. 345, 753) `pain-killing, -stilling', poet. incidental formation after ἀρηΐ-φατος a.o., but with remarkable active meaning (cf. Chantraine Sprache 1,145; after Risch $ 73 a prop. a consonantstem).Derivatives: ὀδυν-ηρός, Dor. - ᾶρός `dolorous, sorrowful' (Pi., Att.), - ωδῶς adv. `sorrowfully' (Gal.), - αίτερος `more painful' (Hp.) as from *ὀδυναῖος after σχολαίτερος (: [ σχολαῖος:] σχολή) a.o. (Schwyzer 534); ὀδυνάω, - άομαι, rarely with ἐξ-, κατ-, `to hurt, to grieve; to be hurt, to suffer pain' (IA.) with ὀδυνήματα pl. `pains' (Hp.).Etymology: Beside IA. ὀδύνη (orig. pl. tant. ?; Witte Glotta 2, 18f.) stands Aeol. (Greg. Cor. 597) ἐδύνας (acc. pl.); the vowel change can go back on old ablaut or on vowel-assimilation (ε \> ο before υ; cf. Schwyzer 255). Both forms are ᾱ-enlargements of a verbal noun in -u̯en-: - un- from ἐδ- `eat' ( curae edaces Hor., Lith. ėdžiótis `trouble oneself' beside ēdžióti `devour, bite', to ė́sti `eat'; on it Fraenkel Wb. s. v.), to which the ablauting -u̯er-: -u̯r̥-: - ur- in εἶδαρ \> *ἔδ-Ϝαρ `eating, food' (s. on ἔδω, with Skt. cognates) and ὀδύρομαι (s. v.). A further representative of this noun is Arm. erkn, gen. erkan `birth-pain, heavy pain' from *ed-u̯ōn or *ed-u̯ēn, s. Frisk Etyma Armen. 11 ff. w. details. -- Not wit L. Meyer 1, 523 f. and Prellwitz to δύη. However the initial was h₃-, as in ὀδών (s.v.); cf. Beekes in Kortlandt, Armeniaca Cf. ὠδίς.Page in Frisk: 2,350-351Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀδύνη
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6 κάγκανος
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `arid, barren' (Il.).Derivatives: καγκάνεος `id.' (Man.) Denomin. καγκαίνει θάλπει, ξηραίνει; also with change ν: λ καγκαλέα κατακεκαυμένα H., unless innovation after the many adjectives for `arid' in - αλέος ( ἀζαλέος, αὑαλέος etc.). - Without suffix καγκομένης ξηρᾶς τῳ̃ φόβῳ H. and πολυ-καγκής adjunct of δίψα (Λ 642), perhaps shaped to κάγκομαι in καγκο-μένης (cf. Schwyzer 513).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: With κάγκανος etc. were connected words for `hunger, pain': the fullgrade primary verbs κέγκει πεινᾳ̃ (Phot.), Lith. keñkia, Inf. keñkti `ache' (prop. *`burns, wither'), secondary OWNo. hā `tease, pain', PGm. * hanhōn (cf. Wißmann Nom. postv. 1, 42), and the verbal nouns Lith. kankà `pain', Germ., e. g. Goth. huhrus ` hunger' with huggrjan `hunger' (zero grade with grammat. change; old r- stem?). Uncertain is Skt. kaṅkāla- m. n. `skeleton' (cf. σκελετός), and desiderative Skt. kāṅkṣati `desire' (from *`burning desire'?), cf. Mayrhofer KEWA s. vv. The nasal in κάγκανος etc., which does not fit kenk-, konk-, kn̥k-, must be secondary (cf. Schwyzer 343). - Schulze KZ 29, 269f. = Kl. Schr. 329; s. also Bechtel Lex. s. v. and Fraenkel Lit. et. Wb. s. keñkti. Acc. to Schulze l. c. here also the H.-glosses κακιθής ἄτροφος ἄμπελος, κακιθές χαλεπόν, λιμηρές, κακιθά λιμηρά (sec. member to αἴθω, ἰθαίνω); but Chantr. notes that the first member could then also be κακός); but if the word is Pre-Greek, κακ- cannot come from it. S. also κάχρυς. - Because of the nasal, and the a-vocalism, one rather expects a Pre-Greek word. The words compared mean `hunger, pain' and not primarily `arid'.Page in Frisk: 1,750-751Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κάγκανος
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7 πόνος
πόνος, ου, ὁ (πένομαι ‘toil’; Hom.+)① work that involves much exertion or trouble, (hard) labor, toil (Onesicritus [c. 310 B.C.]: 134 Fgm. 17a Jac.: because of the ὕβρις of humans, Zeus brought the utopian state of affairs in India to an end, and sent πόνος into the life of humans [cp. ἐν λύπαις Gen 3:17]; Ps 89:10; Philo; Jos., Ant. 3, 49; 18, 244) πόνον ἔχειν ὑπέρ τινος Col 4:13 (πόνον ἔχειν: Il. 15, 416; Hes., Shield 305; Paus. 4, 16, 3. As mark of distinction, SJohnstone, Virtuous Toil, Vicious Work—Xenophon on Aristocratic Style: ClPh 89, ’94, 219–40.—Theocr. 7, 139 has π. with a ptc. in the sense ‘take pains’). μετὰ πόνου with difficulty, laboriously, painstakingly (Pla., Soph. 230a μετὰ πολλοῦ πόνου) Dg 11:8. According to ABoegehold (Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 23, ’82, 147–56), the years 424–421 B.C. mark a trend in the direction of② experience of great trouble, pain, distress, affliction (Thu. 2, 49, 3; X., Mem. 2, 2, 5; Aelian, NA 7, 30 p. 190, 9, VH 5, 6 [CPJones, ClPh 79, ’84, 43f]; SIG 708, 11; POxy 234 II, 24; 37; Is 65:14; Job 4:5; TestJob 52:1; JosAs; ApcMos 5; Just., A I, 21, 2 φυγῇ πόνων) w. πένθος and κραυγή Rv 21:4 (cp. Is 35:10; Pind., P. 10, 42 in a description of the blissful Hyperboreans). εἶναι ἐν πόνῳ (cp. Gen 34:25; TestJob 24:6 ἐν πόνοις; Just., D. 125, 5) 1 Cl 16:3f (Is 53:4). ἀφαιρεῖν ἀπὸ τ. πόνου τῆς ψυχῆς (ἀφαιρέω 2a.—πόνος τ. ψυχῆς: Maximus Tyr. 1, 4b) vs. 12 (Is 53:10f). Of the Crucified One ὡς μηδὲ πόνον ἔχων as though he felt no pain at all GPt 4:10. Of a hailstone πῶς πόνον παρέχει how much pain it causes, how much it hurts Hm 11:20. ἐκ τοῦ π. in pain (Appian, Iber. 97 §423) Rv 16:10; pl. (Gen 41:51; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 146; Test Jud 18:4) ἐκ τῶν π. (Eur., Fgm. 364 Nauck2) because of their sufferings vs. 11. πόνους ὑποφέρειν undergo hardships 1 Cl 5:4.—HKuist, Biblical Review 16, ’32, 415–20 (πόνος, μόχθος).—B. 540. Schmidt, Syn. II 611–25 πονηρός. DELG s.v. πένομαι. M-M. Spicq. Sv. -
8 ὀδυνάω
ὀδυνάω (ὀδύνη) pass. fut. 3 sg. ὀδυνηθήσεται LXX; aor. 3 sg. ὠδυνήθη 4 Macc 18:9 ‘cause pain’, in our lit. only pass. ὀδυνάομαι 2 pers. ὀδυνᾶσαι (B-D-F §87; W-S. §13, 17; Mlt-H. 198; Helbing p. 61) ‘feel pain’ (Trag. et al.; Democr. 159; Pla.; Vett. Val. ind.; LXX; TestJob 24:4; TestIss 7:5; ParJer 7:31).① to undergo physical torment, suffer pain (Aelian, NA 11, 32 p. 286, 28) περί τινος suffer pain for the sake of someone 1 Cl 16:4 (Is 53:4). Esp. of the tortures in Hades ὀδ. ἐν τῇ φλογί suffer torment in the flames Lk 16:24; cp. vs. 25.② to experience mental and spiritual pain, be pained/ distressed (Dio Chrys. 66 [16], 1; Alciphron 3, 14, 2; Philo, De Jos. 94 ὀδυνώμενος; Jos., Bell. 6, 183 ὀδυνώμενον) ὀδυνώμενοι ζητοῦμέν σε we have been anxiously looking for you Lk 2:48 (two persons of different sex are referred to with a masc. modifier, as Epici p. 20, 3 K. [p. 42, 60 B.] Achilles and Helen with αὐτούς) ὀδυνώμενοι μάλιστα ἐπὶ τῷ λόγῳ they were especially pained at his saying Ac 20:38 (ὀδυνᾶσθαι ἐπί τινι as Philo, Conf. Lingu. 92).—DELG s.v. ὀδύνη. M-M s.v. ὀδυνάομαι. TW. -
9 πένομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to exert oneself, to toil, to work, to prepare, to provide' (Il.), `to exert onself, to (have to) do hard labour, to be poor, to lack smth.' (Sol., trag., Pl.).Other forms: only pres. a. ipf.Derivatives: 1. πενία, ion. - ίη f. `poverty, lack' (ξ 157; Scheller Oxytonierung 23 a. 39); 2. πενιχρ-ός `poor, devoid of smth.' (γ 348; cf. zu μελιχρός s. μέλι) with - ότης f. (S. E.). - αλέος `id.' (AP). 3. πένης, - ητος m. (f. πένησσα πτωχή H.) `who has to live from the labour of his hands, needy, poor' in opposition both to πλούσιος and to πτωχός = `begging, destitute' (IA.) with πενέσ-τερος, - τατος (X., D.); after ἀσθενέσ-τερος a.o.; not with Schwyzer 535 from *πενετ-τερος); from it πενητ-εύω `to be poor' (Emp.), - υλίδας m. "son of poverty" (Cerc.), from a hypocor. *Πενητ-ύλος (as Φειδ-ύλος, Πενθ-ύλος a.o.). -- 4. πόνος m. `(hard) labour, effort, struggle, sorrow, pain, fruit of the labour' (Il.; on the meaning Trümpy Fachausdrücke 148 ff.); also as 2. member, e.g. παυσί-πονος `ending pain' (E., Ar. in lyr.); but ματαιο-πόνος a.o. to πονέομαι, s. v. From it πον-ηρός `toilsome, useless, bad, evil' (IA.) with - ηρία, - ηρεύομαι, - ήρευμα; πονόεις `id.' (Man.). -- 5. Iterative deverbative πονέομαι, also w. ἀμφι-, δια- a.o. (Il., mostly in the older language), πονέω, also w. δια-, ἐκ-, κατα- a.o. (posthom.) `to exert oneself, to provide, to suffer', trans. `to cause pain'. As 2. member a.o. in ματαιο-πονέω `to labour in vain' (Democr.) with - πονία (Str.), - πόνημα (Iamb.), - πόνος (Plu., Gal.). From it πόν-ημα ( δια-) n. `labour, work' (Pl., E. u.a.), - ησις ( δια-, κατα-) f. `labour, effort' (Plu., D. L.); as backformation e.g. διάπον-ος `working hard, weary' (Plu.) from δια-πονέω. 6. Beside it πονάω only in ἐπονάθη (Pi.) and ἐπόνασαν (Theoc.); s. Schwyzer 719 w. n. 1.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Not certainly explained. The primary present πένομαι, which was pushed back and replaced by its own iterative πονέομαι, - έω and by its synonyms, e.g. κάμνω, δέω, is in the epos used esp. of domestic labour (cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 15). The meaning `want, lack, be poor' (from where πενία and πενιχρός already since Od.) developed from there like Lat. laborare `exert oneself', also `be in need, be pressed' (unargumented doubt in WP. 2, 661). Unclear is however the earlier history of the meaning. Possible is, that πένομαι orig. indicated a certain kind of domesic labour and from there was generalized. One may compare in that case expressions for `stretch, twist, weave' in Lith. pìnti `twist', OCS pęti `stretch', Arm. hanum and henum `weave', further OHG etc. spin. As the basic meaning of this verb seems to have been `unharness', one may also from there through `harness oneself' come to `exert oneself' (cf. Arm. y-enum `stem or stut smthing with hands or shoulders'?). Thus (after Schleicher, Benfey, Fick; s. Curtius 271f.) Pedersen KZ 39, 414 and Persson Beitr. 1, 411 ff.; further combinations in WP. 2, 660ff., Pok. 988, W.-Hofmann s. pendeō. As however the semantic development can be interpreted in diff. ways, this etymology, though quite possible, cannot be proven. A loan is hard to envisage. -- On the meaning of πένητες and πλούσιοι and synonyms and of πενία and πλοῦτος s. J. Hemelrijk Πενία en Πλοῦτος. Diss. Utrecht 1925. Cf. πεῖνα und σπάνις.Page in Frisk: 2,504-506Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πένομαι
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10 ὠδίν
ὠδίν, ῖνος, ἡ (as a nom. in Suda) 1 Th 5:3 (Is 37:3) for the usual form ὠδίς, ῖνος (s. next entry; Hom.+; SEG VIII, 802; Sb 4312, 4f; Coll. Alex. p. 198 no. 36, 11 [Isis], =IAndrosIsis p. 145; LXX; PsSol 3:9; TestJob 18:4; Philo; Jos., Ant. 2, 218.—B-D-F §46, 4; Mlt-H. 135) experience of pains associated with childbirthⓐ lit., birth-pain(s) 1 Th 5:3 (sing. as Pind., O. 6, 43 [73]; Plut., Thes. 9 [20, 5]; PsSol 3:9; TestJob 18:4).ⓑ in imagery, great pain (as in giving birth) (Aeschyl. et al.; Himerius, Or. 10, 3; 18, 3; Ex 15:14; Heraclit. Sto. 39 p. 58, 9 ἐπειδὰν ἡ μεμυκυῖα γῆ τὰς κυοφορουμένας ἔνδον ὠδῖνας ἐκφήνῃ=‘when [after the winter’s cold] the groaning earth gives birth in pain to what has been formed within her’; Philo)α. ὠδῖνες τοῦ θανάτου Ac 2:24 (on the sources of the text s. MWilcox, The Semitisms of Ac, ’65, 46–48; s. also s.v. θάνατος 1bβ and λύω 4; RBratcher, BT 10, ’59, 18–20: ‘cords of death’). ὠδῖνες τοῦ ᾅδου Pol 1:2 (ᾅδης 1).β. of the ‘Messianic woes’, the terrors and torments traditionally viewed as prelude to the coming of the Messianic Age (Billerb. I 950) are associated with the appearance of the Human One (Son of Man) at the end of history, as the beginning of the (endtime) woes ἀρχὴ ὠδίνων Mt 24:8; Mk 13:8; FBusch, Z. Verständnis der Syn. Eschatol., Mk 13 neu unters. ’38.—DELG s.v. ὠδίς. M-M. TW. -
11 πονέω
A in early Greek only [voice] Med. πονέομαι, inf.- έεσθαι Il.10.116
: [tense] impf. ἐπονεῖτο, [dialect] Ep.πονεῖτο 9.12
: [tense] fut.πονήσομαι 23.159
, Hp.Mul.1.4, laterπονέσομαι Luc.Asin.9
: [tense] aor. ἐπονησάμην, [dialect] Ep.πονήσατο Il.9.348
, ([etym.] δια-) Pl.Lg. 966c, X.Eq.5.10; ἐπονήθην f.l. in E.Hel. 1509 (lyr.), ([etym.] δια-) Isoc.15.267: [tense] pf. πεπόνημαι, [dialect] Ion.[ per.] 3pl.—- έαται Hdt.2.63
, [dialect] Ep.- ήαται Arat.82
, [dialect] Att. : [tense] plpf.πεπόνητο Il.15.447
, [dialect] Ep.[ per.] 3pl.- ήατο A.R.2.263
:I abs., work hard,ὡς ἐπονεῖτο Il.2.409
; ὄφελεν πονέεσθαι λισσόμενος he ought to suffer toil in praying, 10.117; ὅπλα.., τοῖς ἐπονεῖτο with which he did his work, of Hephaestus, 18.413, cf. Od.16.13; περὶ δόρπα.. πονέοντο were busied about their supper, Il.24.444, cf. Hdt.2.63, Pl.Phlb. 58e; so πεπόνητο καθ' ἵππους was busy with the horses, of a charioteer, Il.15.447; πονέοντο κατὰ κρατερὴν ὑσμίνην were toiling in the fight, 5.84, etc.; hence πονεῖσθαι alone = μάχεσθαι, 4.374, 13.288; π. τινός to be busy with.., Arat.82, cf. 758.II c. acc., work hard at, make or do with pains or care,τύμβον Il.23.245
; ;ὅπλα.. πονησάμενοι κατὰ νῆα Od.11.9
;πονησάμενος τὰ ἃ ἔργα 9.250
, cf. Il.9.348, Hes.Op. 432 (sc. ἄροτρα); πονεύμενος ἕρκος ἀλωῆς Mosch.4.100
;πεπονήατο δαῖτα γέροντι A.R.2.263
.B after Hom., the act. form πονέω prevails: [tense] fut. , Pl.R. 410b, Hp.Mul.1.2,5; later , Lyr. Alex.Adesp.37.3, LXXIs.19.10, al., and in codd. of Hp.Aph.4.32: [tense] aor. ἐπόνησα, [dialect] Dor. -ᾱσα, E.Hipp. 1369 (anap.), Pl.R. 462d, Hp.Acut.46, Theoc.15.80; poet.πόνησα Pi.N.7.36
; later , al., Ph.Bel.58.1, al., Polyaen.3.10.6, etc., and in codd. of Hp.Coac. 489, Morb.1.4,14: [tense] pf. , X.Cyr.4.5.22, Hp.Vict. 2.66; laterπεπόνεκα PMich.Zen.104.3
(iii B.C.): [tense] plpf.ἐπεπονήκει Th. 7.38
:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor. ἐπονήθην ([etym.] ἐξ-) Id.6.31; [dialect] Dor. subj.πονᾱθῇ Pi.O.6.11
: [tense] pf. (anap.), Pl.Phdr. 232a (v. infr. 1.3):I intr., toil, labour,περὶ λήϊον Hdt.2.14
;ἐς ἄκαιρα πονεῖν Thgn.919
; πόνει μετ' εὐκλείας Anon ap.Stob.3.1.173 = JHS27.63 (Cyzicus, iv/iii B.C.); ἄλλως, μάτην π., labour in vain, S.OT 1151, E.HF 501: c.acc., τὰ μηδὲν ὠφελοῦντα μὴ πόνει μάτην do not labour at.., A.Pr.44;ἀνήνυτα π. Pl. R. 531a
: rarely of things,τίς.. αἶνος ἐπ' ἀνδρὶ θείῳ.. πονήσει; A.Ag. 1550
(lyr., dub., leg. αἶνον).2 c. acc. cogn., π. πόνον go through, suffer toil, Id.Pers. 682, E.Hec. 779, cf. S.Ph. 1419, E.Hipp. 1369 (anap.), Pl.R. 410b, etc.; , etc.;ἅμιλλαν ποδοῖν E.IA 212
(lyr.);π. πολλά Id.Supp. 577
: with modal words, π. τινί suffer in or by a thing, Pi.N.7.36; ;ὑπὸ χειμῶνος Antipho 2.2.1
; ; εἰρεσίᾳ Polyaen.l.c.: c.acc. partis, πεπόνηκα.. τὼ σκέλει mylegs ache, Ar. Pax 820; π. τὰς κεφαλάς, τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, τὰ γόνατα, have a pain in.., Arist.HA 557a10, Pr. 959b21, 882b25: with modal dat. added,π. πλευρὰν πικρᾷ γλωχῖνι S.Tr. 681
: abs., labour under sickness, suffer, Hp.VM8; suffer damage, ; also, suffer pain, ἀεὶ π. τὸ ζῷον Anaxag.ap eund.EN 1154b7; of an army, to be hard-pressed, suffer, Th.5.73, X.Cyr.1.4.21, etc.; of ships, Th.7.38; of implements, arms, etc., to be worn out, spoilt, or damaged, D.18.194, Plb.3.49.11, Inscr.Délos 442 B204, al. (ii B.C.);τὰ σπαρτία ἧττον πονέσει Arist.Mech.
l.c.;ῥίζαι πεπονηκυῖαι Thphr.HP3.7.1
; of buildings, to be dilapidated, PEnteux.6.3 (iii B.C.), etc.3 [voice] Pass., impers., οὐκ ἄλλως αὐτοῖς πεπόνηται, = πεπονήκασι, Pl.Phdr. 232a.II trans.,1 c.acc. pers., afflict, distress, Pi.P. 4.151, cj. in Anacreont.33.14:—[voice] Pass., to be afflicted or worn out, suffer greatly,πεπονημένος ὀδύναις S.Tr. 985
(anap.);πόλεως πονουμένης τῷ πολέμῳ Th.4.59
; .b [voice] Pass., to be trained or educated, δοκεῖ ὁ κατ' ἀλήθειαν πολιτικὸς πεπονῆσθαι περὶ [τὴν ἀρετήν] Arist.EN 1102a8;πεπονημένην ἔχειν τὴν ἕξιν Id.Pol. 1335b8
, cf. Theoc.13.14; πεπονημένον ὑπό μου though he owes his training to me, PCair.Zen.378.16 (iii B.C.).2 c. acc. rei, gain by toil or labour, [ χρήματα] X.An.7.6.41:—[voice] Pass., to be won or achieved by toil,καλὸν εἴ τι ποναθῇ Pi.O.6.11
, cf. P.9.93.b [voice] Pass., of meats, to be dressed, cooked, Ptol.Euerg.9J., Phld.Mort.24; specially prepared,Sor.
1.94.—The rule of Choerob. in Theod.2.137 H., EM130.3, that when πονέω means toil, the [tense] fut. and [tense] aor. are πονήσω, ἐπόνησα, when suffer pain, πονέσω, ἐπόνεσα, is not borne out by the examples (v. supr.).—The [tense] fut. [voice] Med. κατα-πονήσομαι is used as trans. by D.S.11.15; so [tense] aor. [voice] Pass. πονήθη in IG9(1).867.6 (Corc., vii/vi B.C.); and the intr. and trans. senses are united in Anacreont. 33.14 (cj.), 15. -
12 λύπη
λύπη, ης, ἡ (s. λυπέω; Aeschyl., Hdt.+) pain of mind or spirit, grief, sorrow, affliction J 16:6; Hm 10, 1, 2; 10, 2, 1–6; 10, 3, 1; 3f; AcPl Ha 6, 16. περισσοτέρα λ. excessive sorrow 2 Cor 2:7. Opp. χαρά (X., Hell. 7, 1, 32; Eth. Epic. col. 3, 16; Philo, Abr. 151, Leg. ad Gai. 15; JosAs 9:1; ApcMos 39) J 16:20; Hb 12:11. λύπην ἔχειν have pain, be sorrowful (Dio Chrys. 46 [63], 1; ApcMos 3) in childbirth J 16:21; cp. vs. 22. λ. ἔχειν ἀπό τινος be pained by someone 2 Cor 2:3. λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην ἔχειν sorrow upon sorrow Phil 2:27; opp. πολυτέλεια λύπην μὴ ἔχουσα wealth without pain Hs 1:10. λ. μοί ἐστιν μεγάλη I am greatly pained Ro 9:2 (cp. Tobit 3:6; TestJud 23:1 πολλὴ λύπη μοί ἐστι.—λ. μεγάλη as Jon 4:1; TestJob 34:5; ApcMos 9). βαλεῖν τινα εἰς λύπην plunge someone into grief 1 Cl 46:9. τὸ μὴ πάλιν ἐν λ. πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐλθεῖν not to come to you again in sorrow 2 Cor 2:1. τί … σεαυτῷ λύπην ἐπισπᾶσαι why are you bringing sorrow on yourself Hs 9, 2, 6. ἀποβαλεῖν πᾶσαν λ. lay aside all sorrow Hv 4, 3, 4; ἀποθέμενον τὸ τῆς λ. AcPl BMM recto 7 (for this AcPl Ha 8, 8: το]|[κατηφ]ὲ̣̣ ἀποθέμενον, as restored by Schmidt, but on this s. κατηφής). Also αἴρειν ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ τὴν λ. Hm 10, 1, 1 (opp. ἱλαρότης 10, 3, 1). ἐξέπτη ἡ λ. αὐτοῦ his anxiety (over the combat with beasts) took wings AcPl Ha 3, 17. συγκόπτεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς λύπης be crushed with sorrow Hv 5:4. ἀπὸ τῆς λ. from sorrow Lk 22:45 (TestJos 8:5 συνείχετο ἀπὸ τῆς λύπης; ParJer 7:26 ἵνα μὴ διαφθαρῇ ἀπὸ τῆς λ.; cp. UPZ 18, 13 [163 B.C.] ἀποθνήσκει ὑπὸ τῆς λ.; Jos., Ant. 6, 337). ἐκ λύπης reluctantly 2 Cor 9:7 (cp. Soph., O.C. 1636f of Theseus’s generous acceptance, οὐκ οἴκτου μέτα, of Oedipus’s last mandate; cp. 1 Pt 4:9; on the grammar cp. ἐκ τῆς λύπης Aesop, Fab. 275 P.; JosAs 29:9). διὰ τὴν λ. in sorrow AcPl Ha 5, 24. ἡ κατὰ θεὸν λ. sorrow that God approves 2 Cor 7:10a (leading to μετάνοια as Plut., Mor. 961d). In contrast to this ἡ τοῦ κόσμου λύπη the sorrow of the world vs. 10b. λύπην ἐπάγειν τῷ πνεύματι bring grief to the spirit Hm 3:4. λύπη personified Hs 9, 15, 3.—Pl. (Demosth., Ep. 2, 25; Dio Chrys. 80 [30], 14; Gen 3:16f; 5:29; Pr 15:13; 31:6; PsSol 4:15; ParJer 7:36 διὰ τὰς λ.) αἱ πρότεραι λῦπαι the former sorrows Hv 3, 13, 2. ὑποφέρειν λύπας 1 Pt 2:19. παλαιοῦσθαι ταῖς λύπαις be aged by sorrows Hv 3, 11, 3.—B. 1118. BHHW III 2021ff. Schmidt, Syn. II 574–95; DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv. -
13 συνωδίνω
συνωδίνω (ὠδίνω ‘be in pain’ as in childbirth; Eur., Hel. 727; Aelian, NA 3, 45 p. 78, 5 after Aristot.; Porphyr., Abst. 3, 10) suffer agony together πᾶσα ἡ κτίσις συστενάζει καὶ συνωδίνει all creation lets out a groan in common pain Ro 8:22 (on στενάζειν and the ὠδῖνες of the κτίσις cp. Heraclit. Sto. c. 39 p. 58, 9 ἐπειδὰν ἡ μεμυκυῖα γῆ τὰς κυοφορουμένας ἔνδον ὠδῖνας ἐκφήνῃ=when [after the winter’s cold] the groaning earth gives birth in pain to what has been formed within her.—Diod S 5, 5, 1 quotes the tragic poet Carcinus: all Sicily, filled with fire from Aetna, groaned [στενάξαι] over the loss of Persephone).—DELG s.v. ὠδίς. -
14 ὀδύνη
ὀδῠν-η, ἡ,A pain of body,ὀδύνῃσι κακῇσι τειρόμενος Od.9.440
, cf. 415, 17.567 ;ἀλεγεινή Il.11.398
; ὀδύναι δῦνον μένος Ἀτρείδαο ib. 268 ;ὀδύνῃσι πεπαρμένος 5.399
;ἀντίτομα στερεᾶν ὀδυνᾶν Pi.P.4.221
; cf.ἕρμα 1.4
;στρόφος μ' ἔχει τὴν γαστέρ'.. κὠδύνη Ar.Th. 484
, cf. Pl. 1131 : also in Prose, X.HG5.4.58(pl.), Thphr.HP9.11.3, etc.2 pain of mind, grief, distress, once in Il., ὀ. Ἡρακλῆος grief for him, 15.25 : more freq. in Od., always in pl., ; ,al.: after Hom. the pl. was most common in both senses, ὀ. δυσαπάλλακτοι, ἄλληκτοι, S.Tr. 959, 986(both lyr.);ὀδύναις πεφυσιγγωμένοι Ar.Ach. 526
; opp. φιλότητες, Antipho Soph.49 ;σφαδᾳσμῶν τε καὶ ὀδυνῶν Pl.R. 579e
, cf. 574a, al.: but the sg.also occurs,ἐξ ὀλίγης ὀ. μέγα γίνεται ἄλγος Sol.12.59
; γλώσσας ὀ. pain caused by the tongue, S.Ph. 1142, cf. 827 (both lyr.), Tr. 975 (anap.) ;ὀ. σε εἴληφε X.Smp.1.15
;ὀ. μ' ἔχει Lyr.Alex.Adesp.1.3
;μετ' ὀδύνης Men.706
; τοῖς νενικημένοις ὀδύνη,=Lat. vae victis! Plu.Cam.28. (Perh. from ἐδ- ὀδ- 'eat', cf.θυμὸν ἔδων Od.10.379
: the Aeolians called τὰς ὀδύνας ἐδύνας acc. to Greg.Cor.p.597 S.) -
15 ετεροκρανία
ἑτεροκρανίᾱ, ἑτεροκρανίαpain on one side of the head: fem nom /voc /acc dualἑτεροκρανίᾱ, ἑτεροκρανίαpain on one side of the head: fem nom /voc sg (attic doric aeolic)——————ἑτεροκρανίᾱͅ, ἑτεροκρανίαpain on one side of the head: fem dat sg (attic doric aeolic) -
16 ημικρανία
ἡμικρανίᾱ, ἡμικρανίαpain on one side of the head: fem nom /voc /acc dualἡμικρανίᾱ, ἡμικρανίαpain on one side of the head: fem nom /voc sg (attic doric aeolic)——————ἡμικρανίᾱͅ, ἡμικρανίαpain on one side of the head: fem dat sg (attic doric aeolic) -
17 ὀδύνη
-ης + ἡ N 1 5-1-19-30-13=68 Gn 35,18; 44,31; Ex 3,7; Dt 26,14; 28,60pain (physical) Is 30,26; (mental) pain, grief Gn 44,31*Mi 1,11 ὀδύνης grief-דמעות? tears for MT עמדתו his standing place; *Jb 20,23 ὀδύνας pains-בלהה בלהsudden terror for MT לחומו/ב?, cpr. Jer 11,19 εἰς τὸν ἄρτον αὐτοῦ for MT בלחמו; *Lam 1,14 ἐν χερσί μουὀδύνας (the Lord gave me) pains in my hands (double transl. of בידו read the first time as-בידי in my handsand the second time as-בדוי? דוה pain) for MT בידו יד in his hands?→TWNT -
18 βάσανος
βάσανος, ου, ἡ (Theognis, Pind.+, orig. ‘touchstone, test’, then of procedures or ‘torment’ used to extract a confession; ins, pap, LXX, En; TestSol 1:3; Philo; Jos., Ant. 12, 255; 13, 241; Just.)① severe pain occasioned by punitive torture, torture, torment (Herodas 2, 88 and Diod. S, 15, 58, 2 of torture ordered by a court to extort a confession; SIG 780, 12; PLille 29 I, 22; LXX, esp. oft. 4 Macc; Philo, De Jos. 86; Jos., Bell. 1, 635; Ant. 16, 245) MPol 2:3, 4; Ox 840, 7. Of the tortures in the nether world (cp. Wsd 3:1; 4 Macc 13:15) and as synon. of ‘unquenchable fire’ 2 Cl 17:7b; ὑπάρχειν ἐν β. be in torment Lk 16:23. Descriptive of place in the nether world τόπος τῆς β. place of torment vs. 28. Cp. 2 Cl 10:4.—Of persecutions of Christians 1 Cl 6:1; 2 Cl 17:7a.—Cp. Hv 3, 7, 6; Hs 6, 3, 4; 6, 4, 3f; 6, 5, 1; 3; 7.② gener. severe pain caused by someth. oppressive, severe pain, torment (w. νόσοι; cp. Sext. Emp., Eth. 153 [Adv. Math. 11, 153]; 1 Macc 9:56; Philo, Abr. 96) Mt 4:24.—Papias (3:3).—PduBois, Torture and Truth 1991. B. 1115. DELG. M-M. TW. -
19 οὐαί
οὐαί (LXX; cp. הוֹי, אוֹי and Lat. vae; En; TestAbr B 9, 16 [Stone p. 74]; TestJob 22:2; 53:2; ParJer 9:8; ApcEsdr. But also Epict. 3, 19, 1; ibid. and 3, 22, 32 οὐαί μοι; Vi. Aesopi W 37 οὐαὶ τῇ ἀτυχίᾳ; POxy 413, 184f οὐαί σοι, ταλαίπωρε … οὐαί σοι• οὐαί μοι. Schwyzer II 143; B-D-F §4, 2a; ALowe, The Origin of οὐαί: Hermathena 105, ’67, 34–39. Loanw. in rabb.).① interjection denoting pain or displeasure, woe, alasⓐ w. dat. of pers. or thing concerning whom (which) pain is expressed (s. above; oft. LXX; cp. Jos., Bell. 6, 306 αἰαὶ Ἱεροσολύμοις) οὐαί σοι Χοραζίν, οὐαί σοι Βηθσαϊδά(ν) Mt 11:21; Lk 10:13 (cp. Jer 13:27).—Mt 18:7b; 23:13–16, 23, 25, 27, 29 (on the severe tone in these pass. s. ASaldarini, Understanding Matthew’s Vitriol, BRev 13/2, ’97, 32–39, 45); 24:19; 26:24; Mk 13:17; 14:21; Lk 21:23; 22:22; 1 Cl 46:8 (Mt 26:24); Hv 4, 2, 6; D 1:5; GPt 7:25; GJs 20:1 (codd.).—Doubled for emphasis (Am 5:16.—Procop. Soph., Ep. 36 and 62 ἰοὺ ἰού=alas, alas!): three times w. dat. foll. Rv 8:13 v.l.—οὐαὶ διʼ οὗ ἔρχεται (=τούτῳ διʼ οὗ ἐρχ.) Lk 17:1; cp. 2 Cl 13:2; ITr 8:2.—W. ὅτι foll. to give the reason Lk 6:24f; 11:42–44, 47, 52; also vs. 46, only w. the difference that here οὐαί follows: ὑμῖν τοῖς νομικοῖς οὐαί, ὅτι. Cp. Jd 11; 2 Cl 17:5; B 6:2, 7 (Is 3:9).—W. the prep. ἀπό foll., also to give the reason: οὐαὶ τῷ κόσμῳ ἀπὸ τῶν σκανδάλων Mt 18:7a; w. ὅταν foll. Lk 6:26.—The transition to the next group is marked by οὐαὶ ὑμῖν, οἱ ἐμπεπλησμένοι vs. 25a.ⓑ w. the nom. and article as a voc.: οὐαὶ οἱ γελῶντες νῦν Lk 6:25b (cp. Am 5:18; Hab 2:6, 12; Zeph 2:5). οὐαὶ οὐαὶ ἡ πόλις ἡ μεγάλη Rv 18:10, 16, 19 (to Greeks such interjection would suggest nemesis, cp. Hes., Op. 200f). οὐαὶ οἱ συνετοί 4:11 (Is 5:21). Also without the art. οὐαὶ τυφλοὶ μὴ ὁρῶντες Ox 840, 31f (Unknown Sayings 36–49).ⓒ w. acc. of pers. (B-D-F §190, 2; Rob. 1193; cp. Lat. vae me) Rv 12:12. οὐαί repeated three times 8:13 (the reason for the ‘woe’ is introduced by ἐκ).② a state of intense hardship or distress, woe, subst. (Ezk 2:10; 7:26; Kephal. I 105, 3) indecl. (B-D-F §58; Rob. 302) οὐαί μοί ἐστιν 1 Cor 9:16 (cp. Hos 9:12). As a fem. ἡ οὐαί woe, calamity Rv 9:12a; 11:14ab. Pl. ἔρχεται ἔτι δύο οὐαί 9:12b (the lack of agreement in number [B-D-F §136, 5] as Hes., Theog. 321 τῆς δʼ [of the Chimaera] ἦν τρεῖς κεφαλαί. The schol. on Hes. explains this characteristic as Doric; for critique of B-D-F s. PKatz, TLZ 82, ’57, 112).—DELG. M-M. EDNT. Spicq. -
20 βέλος
A missile, esp. arrow, dart, freq. in Hom.; of the piece of rock hurled by the Cyclops,τόντονδε βαλὼν β. Od.9.495
; of an ox's leg thrown by one of the suitors at Ulysses, 20.305; of a stool, 17.464; ὑπὲκ βελέων out of the reach of darts, out of shot, Il.4.465;ἐκ βελέων 11.163
;ἔξω βελῶν X.Cyr.3.3.69
, etc.;ἔξω βέλους Arr.An. 2.27.1
, Luc.Hist.Conscr.4; opp. ἐντὸς βέλους, D.S.20.6, Arr.An. 1.2.5; εἴσω β. παρελθεῖν ib.1.6.8.2 used of any weapon, as a sword, Ar.Ach. 345, cf. S.Aj. 658; an axe, E.El. 1159; the sting of a scorpion, A.Fr. 169; of the gad-fly, Id.Supp. 556.3 ἀγανὰ βέλεα of Apollo, Il.24.759, Od.3.280, and of Artemis, ib.5.124, denote sudden, easy death of men and women respectively; βέλος ὀξύ, of Ilithyia, pangs of childbirth, Il.11.269, cf. Theoc.27.29.4 after Hom. of anything swift-darting, Διὸς βέλη the bolts of Zeus, lightnings, Pi.N.10.8, cf. Hdt.4.79, etc.;Ζηνὸς ἄγρυπνον β. A.Pr. 360
; πύρπνουν β. ib. 917; βέλεσι πυρπνόου ζάλης, of a storm, ib. 373;πάγων δύσομβρα β. S.Ant. 358
: metaph., ὀμμάτων β. glance of the eye, A.Ag. 742; φίλοικτον β. a piteous glance, ib. 241 (lyr.); ἱμέρου β. the shaft of love, Id.Pr. 649;θυμοῦ βέλη S.OT 893
(s.v.l.); of arguments,πᾶν τετόξευται β. A.Eu. 679
, cf. Pl.Phlb. 23b; β. τὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ στόματος, of invective, Lib.Or.51.8; of mental anguish or fear,ἄτλατον β. Pi.N. 1.48
(v.l. δέος) .
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